drop table if exists t;
create table t (id varchar(8), nationality int);
insert into t values
('aaaa',1),('defghijk',1),('bbbb',2),('nopqrstu',2);
select t.*
from t
where (length(id) = 8 and nationality = 1) or (length(id) = 4 and nationality <> 1);
обратите внимание на использование скобок.